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Abbreviation of FamilyTreeDNA, a DNA testing company.

The genealogical shorthand for Non-Paternity Event, which is when the surname of child is not the same as their biological father.

A process to identify and group DNA matches that descend from common ancestors. Sometimes called DNA networks or DNA circles.

The DNA that is present on the Y-chromosome

A sex-determining chromosome that is only in males.  It is passed generation to generation with very limited mutations.

A sex-determining chromosome present in all people.  Females have two copies of the X-chromosome, while males have one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome.

Abbreviation for Short Tandem Repeat, a string of a few (2-5) base pairs that are repeated in a DNA sequence; the quantity of repeats within

Abbreviation of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism, a nucleotide position in the genome that is know to vary/mutate

The chromosome pair that determines biological/genetic sex.  A person with two X chromosomes is female (XX), while a person with one X and one Y

Abbreviated version of mitochondrial DNA.  It is constructed of about 16,000 base pairs, arranged in a circle, and is passed from a female to her